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This book is a collection of narrations about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic from different countries collected within the Workgroup 2ATLAS of the COST action CA18214 ‘The Geography of New Working Spaces and the Impact on the Periphery'. This conclusive chapter comprehends the previous chapters and offers a comparative view regarding the effects on Coworking Spaces (CS), Governmental Measurements to curb the Pandemic, Effects on Work, Remote/Telework Work, Working-From-Home (WFH), Effects on Commuting, Transportation Mods and Services, Effects on the Housing, Place of Residence, Office and Real Estate Market, Effects on Tourism, Effects on Urban Planning. The final section of this chapter draws attention to the direct and indirect effects of coworking spaces. Direct effects on individuals and indirect effects as living-, work- and build-environment, taking into account space and economy, environment (energy) and urban planning. This book contributes to a fast-growing amount of literature on new working spaces, especially coworking spaces. Further empirical studies should be conducted to create evidence as a solid foundation for policies at the EU, national and subnational levels. © 2023, The Author(s).
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The current chapter introduces in detail the aims and structure of the book ‘European Narratives on Remote Working and Coworking during the COVID-19 Pandemic'. This introductory chapter depicts the importance of studying the phenomenon of coworking spaces (CSs) affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature on new working spaces, particularly CSs, is growing fast in various disciplines. During the past three years of the pandemic, some scholars have attempted to explore the short- and long-term effects on ways and spaces of working. This book is the first attempt to collect country-specific empirical studies from 12 European countries. © 2023, The Author(s).
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Introduction: In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) are at high risk due to using immunosuppressive drugs. Considering the lack of definitive cure for COVID-19, repurposing existing pharmaceuticals is a way to find an immediate medication. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 outcomes in KTRs, receiving combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir (SOF-DAC) treatment. Patients and Methods: This research was an observational study of 12 adult kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19, admitted to Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran (October to December 2020). All the patients received a once-daily combination pill of SOF-DAC at a dose of 400/60 mg for 10 days. Results: Around October to December 2020, 12 adult KTR patients were recruited;four patients (33.3%) died and eight patients survived (66.7%). Acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to COVID-19 was seen in 11 patients of the study population (91.7%), including four dead cases. Two of the three patients who underwent dialysis due to kidney complications, died. The laboratory results showed that the mean level of each parameter white blood cells (WBC), international normalized ratio (INR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer on the last day of hospital stay was significantly different between two groups of survived and dead patients at a 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Sofosbuvir combined with DAC for treatment of KTRs with COVID-19 infection reduced the mortality rate. Further, this medication was safe. Patients tolerated it well, and no serious adverse effects were observed. Larger studies are needed to validate these results.
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Background: While respiratory tract symptoms are the most frequent reasons for hospital admission in COVID-19 patients, renal involvement is common and is associated with worse outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a referral center. Methods: In a retrospective review, patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from February 2020 through April 2020 in a referral COVID center were studied. Demographic data, pre-existing comorbidities and drug history, along with laboratory data at presentation and during admission were recorded. AKI was diagnosed based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Data were analyzed to determine the incidence, risk factors and mortality of AKI. Results: Finally, 200 patients were included, with a mean age of 60.5 years. Of these, 126 (63%) developed AKI and this number was 73.5% among the ICU-admitted patients. Patients who developed AKI were 4.29 times more likely to die. Pre-existing CKD, treatment with immunosuppressant, ICU admission, and the need for hemodialysis, were significantly associated with mortality. Among the eleven renal transplant recipients in this study, we found that a prior renal transplant was not associated with a higher rate of AKI but was significantly associated with increased mortality after correcting for age and gender. Conclusion: Our findings showed a high incidence of AKI in patients admitted due to COVID-19, with a higher risk in ICU patients and it was a significant predictor of mortality. Further research is encouraged to understand the etiology of AKI, along with the long-term outcomes in the patients. Copyright 2022, Journal of Iranian Medical Council. All rights reserved.
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This paper investigates the changes in neighbourhood attractiveness during the Covid-19 pandemic (2020) compared to the year before in 2019 in the city of Milan. Central neighbourhoods recorded a drop in users from -63% to -47%, while the peripheral areas showed a relatively steady presence during the day. Indeed, remote working and the fear of public transport led to rethinking commuting and re-value working close to home. Semi-peripheral and peripheral neighbourhoods have gained a renewed role in attracting remote workers, and coworking spaces represent a valuable alternative for those willing to improve work-life balance through near working. Within this context, the paper aims to:(i) measure the presence of remote workers at the neighbourhood level;(ii) explore the accessibility to coworking spaces within 15 minutes of walking and cycling distance;(iii) focus on three peripheral neighbourhoods which show the lowest number of city users loss, do not host CSs, and present different levels of essential services and access to subway stations. The three cases are explored to understand whether they are considered feasible locations for hosting a neighbourhood coworking space. The change of the city users' presence in the Milan neighbourhoods in 2019-2020 is analysed using << TIM Big Data - Data Visual Insight >>, which includes the presence and mobility of the TIM mobile network's users.
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Coworking space is predominantly an urban phenomenon. Nevertheless, in the last few years, peripheral and rural areas are becoming attractive for this typology of new working spaces, but the literature on this topic is scant. The current paper aims to fill this gap by reviewing the studies on this issue and discussing the renewed role of coworking spaces in peripheral and rural areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on Italy. Moreover, a detailed and updated picture of the increasing number of coworking spaces in 2018-2020 in the Italian Inner Areas and rural areas is provided. Finally, some case studies of peripheral and rural coworking spaces are presented, followed by conclusions and further research. © 2021 FrancoAngeli. All rights reserved.
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This Covid-19 pandemic has imposed extreme impacts on many developed world global cities, especially those with high population densities and high levels of connectivity. Many cities are therefore experiencing a moment of global rethinking. In a few decades, we have gone from an idea of extreme density and the gentrification of cities to completely different proposals, such as the 'the 15-minutes city' concept where all services can be reached in a short distance. Within this context, the current paper aims to provide an overview of this concept and its application in the case of Milan by conducting desk research and analysing the official reports and documents. This paper discusses that the core idea of the 15-minute city is not new;the strategies can be traced back to different approaches to neighbourhood planning in the past century. In Milan, the municipality's '2020 Adaptation Strategy' proposed guidelines for sustainable transportation and self-sufficient neighbourhoods.
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Introduction. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 and spread rapidly worldwide. In the COVID-19 era, Kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) are at high risk due to using immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, finding an efficient treatment for the management of COVID-19 in KTR patients is crucial due to its poor prognosis. Despite the use of various antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, there is yet no definitive cure for Covid-19. Repurposing existing pharmaceuticals is a way to find an immediate medication. Thus, we assessed the antiviral treatment efficacy of Sofosbuvir combined with Daclatasvir on KTRs with SARS-COV-2 infection. Methods. We conducted a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study of all adult kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19, admitted to Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from October to December 2020. All the patients received a once-daily combination pill of SOF and DAC at a dose of 400/60 mg for 10 days. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences under ID: IR. TUMS. DDRI. REC.1399.028. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. Results. From October to December 2020, 12 adult KTR patients were recruited;four patients (33.3%) died and eight patients survived (66.7%). The dead patients were older than those who survived. However, it was not statistical significance (53.67 .. 3.786 vs. 47.63 .. 11.868, P = 0.422). Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to COVID-19 infection was seen in 11 patients of the study population (91.7%) and all four dead KTRs. Also, three patients underwent dialysis, which two died (50%). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (6 patients, 50%) and diabetes mellitus (4 patients, 33.3%), while no significant correlation was seen between comorbidities and mortality (P > 0.05). About the immunosuppressive drugs, of four dead patients, three (75%) used Mycophenolate, and all of them used Prednisolone. The laboratory results showed that the mean level of each parameter WBC, INR, CRP, Ferritin, D-Dimer on the last day of hospital stay was significantly different between two groups of survived and dead patients at a 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Sofosbuvir combined with Daclatasvir for treatment of KTRs with SARS-COV-2 infection showed efficacy by reducing the mortality rate. Also, the medication was safe. Patients tolerated it well, and no serious adverse effects were observed. Larger studies are needed to validate these results.
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The concluding chapter outlines the main findings of the book concerning the analysis and discussion of new workplaces, specifically, CSs and MSs, in different geographical contexts, by: (i) providing definitions, exploring their typologies, users, and location factors;(ii) investigating the effects on the local context;(iii) exploring urban planning and policies. Several case studies in Europe (Italy, UK, and France) and in the USA have been explored. The results show that the phenomenon is mainly urban, but even suburban and peripheral areas are becoming attractive to new working spaces. Although the book is concerned about the period before the Covid-19 pandemic, this chapter opens the discourse towards the immediate and future effects of the pandemic on the geography of work and new working spaces and suggests new avenues for future research. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.